Audio/sample-piezo-trigger/render.cpp

Piezo strike to WAV file playback

This sketch shows how to playback audio samples from a buffer using onset detection of strikes detected by a piezo sensor.

An audio file is loaded into a buffer SampleData as gSampleData. This is accessed with a read pointer that is incremented at audio rate within the render function: out += gSampleData.samples[gReadPtr++].

Note that the read pointer is stopped from incrementing past the length of the gSampleData. This is achieved by comparing the read pointer value against the sample length which we can access as follows: gSampleData.sampleLen.

The piezo is connected to Bela through a simple voltage divider circuit.

• Connect a 1.8 MOhm resistor between the positive (red) and negative (black) leads of the piezo
• Also connect the negative side to ground
• Connect analog input 0 to the positive side
• Connect another 1.8 MOhm resistor between positive and 3.3V

In order to get a coherent trigger from the piezo disk we have to go through a few stages of signal taming. The first is a DC offset filter which recentres the signal around 0. This is necessary as our voltage divider circuit pushes the piezo input signal to half the input voltage range, allowing us to read the piezo's full output.

As a piezo disk behaves like a microphone it outputs both negative and positive values. A second step we have to take before detecting strikes is to fullwave rectify the signal, this gives us only positive values.

Next we perform the onset detection. We do this by looking for a downwards trend in the sensor data after a rise. Once we've identified this we can say that a peak has occured and trigger the sample to play. We do this by setting gReadPtr = 0;.

This type of onset detection is by no means perfect. Really we should lowpass filter the piezo signal before performing the onset detection algorithm and implement some kind of debounce on the stikes to avoid multiple strikes being detected for a single strike.

/*
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| __ )| ____| |      / \
|  _ \|  _| | |     / _ \
| |_) | |___| |___ / ___ \
|____/|_____|_____/_/   \_\
http://bela.io
*/
#include <Bela.h>
#include <libraries/Scope/Scope.h>
#include <libraries/AudioFile/AudioFile.h>
#include <vector>

std::string gFilename = "sample.wav";

std::vector<std::vector<float> > gSampleData;

int gReadPtr;   // Position of last read sample from file

Scope scope;

float gPiezoInput; // Piezo sensor input

// DC OFFSET FILTER
float prevReadingDCOffset = 0;
float prevPiezoReading = 0;
float readingDCOffset = 0;
float R = 0.99;//1 - (250/44100);

// For onset detection
float peakValue = 0;
float thresholdToTrigger = 0.001;
float amountBelowPeak = 0.001;
float rolloffRate = 0.00005;
int triggered = 0;

int gAudioFramesPerAnalogFrame = 0;

bool setup(BelaContext *context, void *userData)
{

        if(context->analogSampleRate > context->audioSampleRate)
        {
                fprintf(stderr, "Error: for this project the sampling rate of the analog inputs has to be <= the audio sample rate\n");
                return false;
        }

        gSampleData = AudioFileUtilities::load(gFilename);

        gReadPtr = -1;

        if(context->analogFrames)
                gAudioFramesPerAnalogFrame = context->audioFrames / context->analogFrames;

        // setup the scope with 3 channels at the audio sample rate
        scope.setup(3, context->audioSampleRate);

        return true;
}

void render(BelaContext *context, void *userData)
{
        float currentSample;
        float out = 0;

        for(unsigned int n = 0; n < context->audioFrames; n++) {

                if(gAudioFramesPerAnalogFrame && !(n % gAudioFramesPerAnalogFrame)) {
                        // Read analog input 0, piezo disk
                        gPiezoInput = analogRead(context, n % gAudioFramesPerAnalogFrame, 0);
                }

                // Re-centre around 0
                // DC Offset Filter    y[n] = x[n] - x[n-1] + R * y[n-1]
                readingDCOffset = gPiezoInput - prevPiezoReading + (R * prevReadingDCOffset);
                prevPiezoReading = gPiezoInput;
                prevReadingDCOffset = readingDCOffset;
                currentSample = readingDCOffset;

                // Full wave rectify
                if(currentSample < 0)
                        currentSample *= -1.0f;

                // Onset Detection
                if(currentSample >= peakValue) { // Record the highest incoming sample
                        peakValue = currentSample;
                        triggered = 0;
                }
                else if(peakValue >= rolloffRate) // But have the peak value decay over time
                        peakValue -= rolloffRate; // so we can catch the next peak later

                if(currentSample < peakValue - amountBelowPeak && peakValue >= thresholdToTrigger && !triggered) {
                                rt_printf("%f\n", peakValue);
                                // Indicate that we've triggered and wait for
                                // the next peak before triggering again.
                                triggered = 1;
                                gReadPtr = 0; // Start sample playback
                }

                for(unsigned int channel = 0; channel < context->audioOutChannels; channel++) {

                        // If triggered...
                        if(gReadPtr != -1)
                                out = gSampleData[channel % gSampleData.size()][gReadPtr++];    // ...read each sample...

                        if(gReadPtr >= (int)gSampleData[channel % gSampleData.size()].size())
                                gReadPtr = -1;

                        audioWrite(context, n, channel, out);
                }
        }

        // log the piezo input, peakValue from onset detection and audio output on the scope
        scope.log(gPiezoInput, peakValue, out);
}


void cleanup(BelaContext *context, void *userData)
{
}